2,4-D LV ester 600

2,4-D LV ester 600

Also see Comparative Data for Various Forms of 2,4-D for a comparison between the amine, LV ester and HV ester formulations.

1 Trade name	Manufacturer	Form
4FARMERS 2,4-D ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	4 FARMERS PTY LTD	EC
ALLFIRE 2,4-D LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	AGVANTAGE PTY LTD	EC
CHEMAG LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	IMTRADE AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	EC
CHEMFORCE 2,4-D LV 600 HERBICIDE	FRANK VANDERKLEY & PAUL RICHARDS T/A CHEMFORCE AUSTRALIA	EC
CONQUEST LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	CONQUEST AGROCHEMICALS PTY LTD	EC
CROP CARE LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	CROP CARE AUSTRALASIA PTY LTD	EC
DOW AGROSCIENCES LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	DOW AGROSCIENCES AUSTRALIA LIMITED	EC
ESTERON LV HERBICIDE	DOW AGROSCIENCES AUSTRALIA LIMITED	EC
FARMOZ 2,4-D LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	FARMOZ PTY LIMITED	LC
GENFARM LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	GENFARM CROP PROTECTION PTY LTD	EC
HALLEY LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	HALLEY INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD	EC
HERBOXONE LV 600 HERBICIDE	A H MARKS AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	LC
KENSO AGCARE ABROHOLOS 600 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	KENSO CORPORATION (M) SDN BHD	EC
NUFARM LV ESTERCIDE 600 HERBICIDE	NUFARM AUSTRALIA LIMITED	LC
OSPRAY 2,4-D LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	OSPRAY PTY LTD	LC
SIPCAM LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	SIPCAM PACIFIC AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	EC
SUMMIT LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	SIPCAM PACIFIC AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	LC
UNITED FARMERS 2,4-D LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE	UNITED FARMERS CO-OPERATIVE COMPANY LTD	EC

2 PRICE:

$9.07

3 ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: 2,4-D ethyl hexyl ester or 2,4-D iso-octyl ester or 2,4-D butoxyethanol ester

2,4-D 2-ethylhexyl ester (2-EHE)

Empirical Formula: C16H22Cl2O3

Molecular Weight: 333.27

CAS Registry No.: 1928-43-4

PC Code: 030063

4FARMERS 2,4-D ESTER 600 HERBICIDE

CROP CARE LV ESTER 600 HERBICIDE

4 CHEMICAL GROUP: I - Disrupters of plant cell growth

5 RELATED HERBICIDES:

2,4-D amine 500	2,4-D Amine 500g/L
2,4-D amine 625	2,4-D Amine 625g/L
2,4-D amine plus Dicamba	2,4-D 250gL + dicamba 100g/L
2,4-D ester 800	2,4-D Ester 800g/L
2,4-D ester plus Garlon	2,4-D ester 530g/L + triclopyr 200g/L
2,4-D LV ester 600	2,4-D LV ester 600g/L
2,4-DB 400	2,4-DB 400g/L
2,4-DB plus MCPA	2,4-DB 200g/L + MCPA 250g/L
Access	Picloram 120g/L + triclopyr 240g/L
Dicamba 200	Dicamba 200
Dicamba 25 plus MCPA 150	Dicamba 25g/L + MCPA 150g/L
Dicamba 500	Dicamba 500g/L
Dicamba 700	Dicamba 700g/kg
Dicamba plus MCPA	Dicamba 80g/L + MCPA 340g/L
Garlon 600	Triclopyr 600g/L
Grazon Extra	Aminopyralid 8g/L+picloram 100g/L+tricolpyr 300g/L
Hotshot	Aminopyralid salt 10g/L + fluroxypyr-meptyl 140g/L
Lontrel	Clopyralid 300g/L
Lontrel 750	Clopyralid 750g/kg
MCPA amine 500	MCPA 500g/L
MCPA LVE	MCPA LV ester 500g/L
MCPB 400	MCPB 400g/L
Picloram plus Triclopyr	Picloram 100g/L + triclopyr 300g/L
Starane 200	Fluroxypyr 200g/L
Tordon 242	MCPA 420g/L + picloram 26g/L
Tordon 75-D	2,4-D 300g/L + picloram 75g/L
Tri-kombi	24D Ester 800g/L + Dicmaba 40g/L + Mecoprop 336g/L

6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

A selective, translocated, foliar absorbed, post emergence herbicide that controls a large range of broadleaf weeds in crops, pastures and non agricultural areas. These formulations have lower volatility and are less prone to vapour drift than the ethyl and butyl ester forms of 2,4-D. However, in most situations, droplet drift rather than vapour drift is the cause of off target damage.

7 APPLICATION METHODS AND TIPS:

Best results on young actively growing plants.

Some species (eg cotton, vines, tomatoes, lettuce) are sensitive to very low rates and drift may cause damage.

Apply in 30-100 L/ha water for boom spraying.

Apply in 10-90 L/ha water for aerial spraying.

Apply in 1000-2000 L/ha water for high volume spraying.

Regulations require the use of coarse spray droplets when applying 2,4-D.

8 WEATHER:

Rainfast in 3-4 hours.

Frost effects: Frost before application may retard weed growth thus reducing translocation. For best results, 2-3 frost free days required after application.

Wind: Regulations require application when wind speeds are between 3 and 15 km/hour to reduce the risk of damage caused by drift. Avoid spraying when wind is blowing towards sensitive crops.

Inversions: Don't apply during inversion conditions as damaging levels of herbicide drift may move a kilometre or more.

Temperature:

Delta T and Relative Humidity: Avoid application when Delta T is greater than

9 ADJUVANTS:

Adjuvants are not normally required. A non ionic wetting agent may be useful on hard to wet weeds.

10 WATER QUALITY:

Hard water - Very hard water can cause the product to separate from the water.

Salty water - can cause the product to separate from the water.

Colloids - Little effect.

pH -

11 COMPATIBILITY:

Trace elements - generally not compatible.

Ester formulations generally have good compatibility providing the emulsifier is not overloaded and the product separates from the water (do a jar test).

See HerbiGuide Compatibilities button.

12 EQUIPMENT:

Boom sprays, aerial, misters, high and low volume hand leads.

Regulations require the use of coarse droplets to reduce the impacts of drift.

80 or 100 degree flat fan nozzles operating at 150-300 kPa is a typical set up for boom sprays. Larger orifice nozzles (eg 02 or 03) or air induction nozzles are used to reduce drift but water volumes need to be about 80 L/ha or more for good coverage of small weeds.

13 SPRAYER DECONTAMINATION:

Clean Up:

Remove filters and nozzles and manually clean separately. Rinse with kerosene or water plus degreaser. Rinse with 1% ammonia through boom then triple rinse with soapy water or water plus 0.25% wetting agent and run through boom.

Decontamination:

Remove filters and nozzles and clean separately. Rinse with kerosene or water plus degreaser. Wash out with hot soapy water or water plus 0.25% wetting agent. Fill with 1% solution of ammonia and allow to stand for several hours. Triple rinse with water plus wetting agent. Or use a commercial spray tank and equipment cleaner. Check and clean filters and nozzles again if necessary.

It may not be possible to decontaminate old spray tanks and hoses.

14 HERBICIDE RESISTANCE:

Some plants have developed some resistance to 2,4-D.

15 REPLANTING INTERVALS:

Plant back periods in days for various rates of application

Crop	<580 mL/ha	580-1150 mL/ha	1150-1800 mL/ha
Balansa clover	7	7	10
Barley	1	1	3
Canola	14	21	28
Chickpea	7 (14 Qld)	14	21
Clover; Subterranean	7	7	10
Clover; White	7	7	10
Cotton	10	14	21
Faba Bean	7	7	10
Field Pea	7	14	14
Lentils	7	7	10
Linseed	7	7	14
Lucerne	7	7	10
Lupin	7 (28 WA)a	14 (28 WA)a	21 (28 WA)a
Medic	7	7	10
Narbon Bean	7	7	10
Navy Bean	10	10	14
Oat	3	3	7
Perennial Ryegrass	7	7	10
Persian Clover	7	7	10
Phalaris	7	7	10
Rice	7	7	14
Safflower	7 (14 Qld)	14	21
Sorghum	3 (1 Qld)	7 (~1 Qld)b	10
Soybean	14	14	21
Sunflower	7 (1 Qld)	10 (~1 Qld)b	14
Triticale	1	3	7
Vetch	7	7	10
Wheat	1	3	7

These plant backs are generally quite conservative and problems are rarely seen with shorter periods because most of the free 2,4-D ester evaporates within a day or two of spraying.

a Lupin replanting interval from Nufarm Label. Seems excessive.

b Nufarm label has 1 day for rates < 830 mL/ha in Queensland.

16 WITHHOLDING PERIODS:

Crop	Type	Time
All	Harvest	Not required.
All	Grazing	7 days

17 RE-ENTRY PERIOD:

Wear protective clothing if working in the crop before the spray has dried.

18 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:

Face shield or goggles, cotton overalls, gloves, boots.

19 SOIL:

No particular effects.

20 MODE OF ACTION:

Post-emergent. Disrupts cell growth and elongation. Multiple sites of action.

Uptake and translocation:

Foliar absorbed with virtually no root absorption.

High concentrations may cause leaf burn and poor translocation leading to poor weed control.

Translocated both up and down from the site of application to sources of active growth.

Physiological effects:

Causes twisting, swelling and splitting of soft stems and abnormal growth of leaves often resulting in cupping and inter veinal chlorosis. Flowers are often deformed and seed viability may be affected. These symptoms may occur at very low dose rates.

2,4-D decreases nitrate reductase in the plant and this results in an increased nitrate level. In some plants, such as Capeweed, Radishes, Turnips, and Canola, this may reach toxic levels.

Residual Life and Breakdown:

21 SELECTIVITY:

Most grasses are tolerant to 2,4-D. Woody plants have lower tolerances and soft broad leaved species are generally susceptible to rates around 1 kg a.e./ha.

Crop effects are usually only noticeable if applied at the incorrect growth stage and/or excessive rates.

Plant roots absorb polar (salt and amine) forms of 2,4-D most readily and leaves absorb non polar (ester) forms most readily. Salt formulations have negligible vapour pressure are the safer to use in close proximity to sensitive plants whereas ester formulations are generally safer prior to planting susceptible crops.

Crop tolerance:

Varietal sensitivities:

Applying 2,4-D to wheat before the completion of ear development may lead to yield loss and head deformities. Some varieties complete ear development at an earlier growth stage than others. The earliest timing for 2,4-D application therefore depends on the variety as indicated below

Variety	Growth Stage	Leaves on the main stem.
Ajana	Z15	5
Amery	Z16	6
Aroona	Z16	6
Arrino	Z16	6
Blade	Z16	6
Brookton	Z17	7
Cadoux	Z16	6
Calingiri	Z17	7
Camm	Z16	6
Canna	Z15	5
Carnamah	Z16	6
Corrigin	Z16	6
Cranbrook	Z17	7
Cunderdin	Z17	7
Dagger	Z17	7
Eradu	Z16	6
Gamenya	Z16	6
Gutha	Z15	5
Halberd	Z16	6
Kalannie	Z15	5
Kulin	Z15	5
Machete	Z17	7
Nyabing	Z16	6
Perenjori	Z17	7
Spear	Z17	7
Stiletto	Z17	7
Tammin	Z17	7
Tincurrin	Z15	5
Westonia	Z15	5
Wilgoyne	Z16	6

Effect on Clover Species:

Clover tolerance increases at later growth stages and at 460 mL/ha damage is often acceptable with many clover varieties. Selectivity in Clover pastures is due mainly to shading by taller growing species. Don't apply to clovers before the 4 leaf stage. It is generally not as safe as 2,4-D amine, MCPA 250 and 500. MCPA is generally preferred where clover damaged needs to b minimized.

Effect on Medic Species:

Medics are very sensitive to 2,4-D. Rates above 100 mL/ha generally damage Medics.

Effect on Lucerne:

Death of seedlings or established plants very common especially at low rates of herbicides and even if leaf growth is at a minimum when sprayed. Cutting/grazing prior to spraying can reduce damage but damage is usually unacceptable and severe. Herbicide drift onto lucerne can cause damage.

Effect on Native Plants:

Most native plants will tolerate low levels of 2,4-D and drift is not expected to cause significant long term effects on roadside trees or vegetation if reasonable care is taken to avoid exposure.

23 PLANT SYMPTOMS:

Initial symptoms are usually apparent in 3-7 days and include twisting of soft stems, cupping of leaves and erection of rosette leaves. Malformed growth may take weeks to develop. Death of young plants usually occurs within a month. Older and more woody plants may take several months to die.

It usually disrupts flowering and seed production or viability.

The table below summarises the effects of 2,4-D esters on the most sensitive species tested.

Species	Growth stage	Formulation	EC25 g a.e. /ha	NOEC g a.e./ha
Onion (Monocot)	Seedling	2,4-D IPE (ester)	11	6.3
Lettuce (Dicot)	Seedling	2,4-D IPE (ester)	0.9	0.53
Corn (Monocot)	Vegetative	2,4-D IPE (ester)	226	28.2
Lettuce (Dicot)	Vegetative	2,4-D IPE (ester)	6.8	1.4

Table adapted from EPA 738-R-05-002, June 2005

For sensitive species like Lettuce and Tomato, rates around 3 mL/ha of 2,4-D ester can cause symptoms.

For cereals the ester formulations are less damaging to the crop pre planting than the amine formulations.

SECONDARY EFFECTS:

Sugar contents of sprayed plants normally increase within a week of spraying and this may make the plants more palatable to herbivores including sheep and insects. This may cause stock problems if toxic plants are present.

24 TOXICITY:

Summary:

Harmful if swallowed. May cause sensitisation by skin contact.

2,4-D ester is generally of low toxicity to mammals, birds and bees. It can be highly toxic to some aquatic organisms.

Details:

Poison schedule - S5.

Mammalian toxicity - Moderate.

Acute oral LD50 - 720-982 mg/kg (rats, 2,4-D 2EHE), [For comparison table salt is 3000 mg/kg]

Acute dermal LD50 - >2000 mg/kg (rat, 2,4-D 2EHE).

Skin - Mild skin irritant. Prolonged contact may cause skin sensitisation.

Eye - Not an irritant

Vapour inhalation - LC50 - >5.4 mg/L air (rat, 2,4-D 2EHE).

Chronic oral toxicity NOEL - mg/kg for two years.

The weight of evidence indicates that it is not carcinogenic or mutagenic but some animal studies have shown effects.

Data indicates that it is not teratogenic and has no reproductive effects.

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) - 0.01 mg/kg/day.

NOEL - 1 mg/kg/day.

Chronic effects: Repeated absorption of large amounts of 2,4-D may damage the liver and kidneys.

Other Species -

Birds - Not toxic. LD50 >663 mg/kg (Mallard Ducks)

Fish - Moderate toxicity. LC50 (96 hour) >0.24 on inland silverside to 20 mg/L on bluegill sunfish for 2,4-D 2EHE technical.

Invertebrates - Moderate toxicity. EC50 (48 hour) 5.2 mg/L (Daphnia magna) for 2,4-D 2EHE technical.

Bees - Not toxic. LD50 >100 ug/bee.

Algae - Low toxicity. EC50 (120 hour) >30 mg/L on Selenastrum capricornutum for 2,4-D EHE technical .

25 TOXICITY SYMPTOMS:

Inhalation of the solvents may cause headache, nausea and intoxication.

Swallowed - Ingestion of large amounts may cause headache, nausea, lethargy, motor weakness and incoordination. (16 g.a.e. consumed over 32 days by humans has caused these effects). Chronic overexposure may present a risk to the liver and kidneys.

Skin - High or prolonged exposure may cause defatting, dermatitis and sensitisation.

Eyes - May irritate eyes. Prolonged exposure may cause damage to eyes.

26 FIRST AID:

If SWALLOWED: Do NOT induce vomiting for small ingested quantities of less than a tablespoon. Give a glass of water. For large ingestions consider vomiting on medical advice but take care to avoid vomit entering lungs. Do not give anything by mouth to a semi conscious patient. Concentrate is considered harmful if swallowed. See a doctor.

If in EYES: Irrigate with plenty of water. See a doctor if symptoms develop or persist.

If on SKIN: Rinse with plenty of water, remove contaminated clothing, wash with soap and water.

If INHALED: Remove patient to fresh air. See a doctor if symptoms develop or persist.

Advice to doctor: Treat symptomatically. Product contains hydrocarbon solvents. Aspiration of vomit into the lungs can cause bronchopneumonia and pulmonary oedema or pulmonary pneumonitis.

Contact the Poisons Information Centre on 131126.

27 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE:

Half life in soil: 2,4-D EHE 1-14 days with an average of 2.9 days. It degrades more slowly on foliage and leaf litter. 2,4-D acid has a aerobic soil half life of 6.2 days.

Half life in water: Less than 24 hours in aquatic environments for 2,4-D EHE, BEE and IPE. Probably longer in clean water. 2,4-D acid has an aerobic half life of 15 days and an anaerobic half life of 41-333 days.

2,4-D acid is stable to abiotic hydrolysis with a half life of 1-2 years.

It has an EPA classification for soil mobility that ranges from intermediate to very mobile. Usually very low mobility in field studies even though laboratory solubility studies indicate 2,4-D is potentially mobile. Rapid degradation in the soil and removal from soil by plant uptake minimizes leaching under realistic application conditions.

Ground water contamination: Significant ground water contamination not likely but it has been detected in ground and surface waters in the US and Canada. Rarely detected more than 500 mm deep in soils.

Accumulation in milk and tissues - Does not accumulate. Not metabolised in the body. Excreted within a few days in urine.

pH stability:

Photolysis rate: 2,4-D acid half life (DT50) was 12.9 days in water at pH 5 and 68 days in soil.

Hydrolysis half life: Stable to abiotic hydrolysis.

Biodegradation rate: 2,4-D acid half life is 6.9 days in aerobic soils and 15 days in aerobic aquatic environments. 2,4-D amine and salt formulations are similar. 2,4-D esters form the 2,4-D acid with a half life of about 3 (1-10) days then follow the acid degradation pathway with a half life of about 7 days. Most field studies show an apparent half life of 1.7 - 13 days with an average of 5 days in moist soils. In dry soils the half life is much longer because most of the breakdown is due to microbial activity. The half life in grass and thatch was < 7 days on average. The half life in natural water is 1-2 weeks but may be only a few days in rice paddies.

2,4-D degrades through several low toxicity intermediates to carbon compounds, CO2, water and chlorine or HCl.

Spray drift may cause damage.

28 REGISTERED CROPS:

See HerbiGuide Species Solution tab.

29 REGISTERED WEEDS:

See HerbiGuide Species Solution tab.

30 REGULATION AND LEGAL:

CAS number - 1928-43-4

UN number - 3082 (sea transport)

Hazchem code: NA.

NOHSC classification: Hazardous.

Land transport:

Dangerous goods class: Not a dangerous good

Sea transport:

Proper shipping name: ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, N.O.S. (contains 2,4-D 2 ethyl hexyl ester)

Class:

Packaging group - Class 9. Packaging group III

EPG -

Restricted spraying areas apply in some states.

A permit is required for spraying between 15^th September and 15^th April in Tasmania.

31 PROPERTIES:

Empirical formula: C16H22Cl2O3 (2,4-D 2-EHE).

Water solubility at 25 C. - Disperses in water;

Oil solubility -

Octanol:Water ratio at 25 C LogPow - 5.78 for 2,4-D 2-EHE.

Soil organic carbon absorption coefficient (Koc) 31.2-470.9 mL/g.

Vapour Pressure at 25 C. - 0.48 mPa (2,4-D 2-EHE)

Dissociation constant - pKa

Melting point - -5 C.

Boiling point - >200 C (2,4-D 2-EHE).

Molecular weight - 333.27 (2,4-D 2-EHE).

Colour - Clear brown liquid.

Odour - aromatic solvent odour.

Bulk density -

Specific gravity - 1.11

pH -

Flammability - Non flammable. Concentrate is combustible. May emit toxic fumes on burning.

Flashpoint > 65 deg C. Combustible.

May react violently with strong oxidising agents

Shelf Life: 5 years.

(When Stored under Ideal Conditions)

Soil DT50 aerobic 20 C - 1.7 days.

Soil DT50 anaerobic 20 C - 333 days (aquatic study).

Hydrolysis: 1-2 years sterile water pH 7 buffered.

Photolysis water DT50 13 days (artificial sunlight)

Photolysis soil DT50 68 days

Shelf Life: 5 years.

(When Stored under Ideal Conditions)

32 COMMENTS:

2,4-D decreases nitrate reductase in the plant and this results in an increased nitrate level. In some plants, such as Capeweed, Radishes, Turnips, and Canola, this may reach toxic levels.

33 REFERENCES:

Ashton, F.M. and Crafts, A.S. (1981) Mode of Action of Herbicides. (Wiley-Interscience publication).

Kearney, P.C. and Kaufman, D.D. (1976). Herbicides. Chemistry, degradation and mode of action. Vol 1 & 2.

Nufarm MSDS (September, 2005).

Acknowledgments:

Collated by HerbiGuide. For more information see www.herbiguide.com.au or phone 08 98444064.