2,4-D amine 625

2,4-D amine 625

Also see Comparative Data for Various Forms of 2,4-D for a comparison between the amine, LV ester and HV ester formulations.

1 Trade name	Manufacturer	Form
4FARMERS 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	4 FARMERS PTY LTD	AC
4FARMERS 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	4 FARMERS PTY LTD	SL
AC JOKER 625 HERBICIDE	AXICHEM PTY LTD	AC
AGCARE BIOTECH 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	AGCARE BIOTECH PTY LTD	AC
AGNETICS AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	AGNETICS PTY LTD	AC
AGRISMART AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	GOOBANG PTY LTD	AC
ALLIANCE HERBICIDE 2,4-D 625SL	AGRO-ALLIANCE (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD	SL
AMINOZ 625 SELECTIVE WEEDKILLER BY SANONDA	SANONDA (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD	AC
APPARENT 2,4-D 625 AMINE HERBICIDE	APPARENT PTY. LTD.	AC
AW ANGUISH 625 HERBICIDE	AGRI WEST PTY LIMITED	AC
BIOTIS AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	BIOTIS LIFE SCIENCE PTY LTD	AC
CHEMAG SMASH 625 LOW SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	IMTRADE AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	SL
CHEMFARM 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	IMTRADE AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	AC
CHEMFORCE 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	CHEMFORCE 2010 PTY LTD	AC
CHOICE LOW ODOUR AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	GROW CHOICE PTY LIMITED	AC
CONQUEST AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	CONQUEST CROP PROTECTION PTY LTD	AC
COUNTRY AMINE 625 DUAL SALT SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	ACCENSI PTY LTD	SL
COUNTRY AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	ACCENSI PTY LTD	AC
CROP CARE AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	CROP CARE AUSTRALASIA PTY LTD	AC
DOW AGROSCIENCES 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	DOW AGROSCIENCES AUSTRALIA LIMITED	AC
DOW AGROSCIENCES AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	DOW AGROSCIENCES AUSTRALIA LIMITED	AC
FARMALINX 2,4-D 625 HERBICIDE	FARMALINX PTY LTD	AC
FARMOZ 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	FARMOZ PTY LIMITED	AC
GENEREX 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	MACSPRED PTY. LTD.	AC
GENFARM 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	LANDMARK OPERATIONS LIMITED	AC
GENFARM GEN-AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	LANDMARK OPERATIONS LIMITED	AC
HORIZON 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	OSPRAY PTY LTD	AC
IMTRADE SMASH 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	IMTRADE AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	SL
INCA 625 HERBICIDE	PROTERRA PTY LTD	AC
KENDON 2,4-D AMINE 625	KENDON CHEMICALS & MNFG CO PTY LTD	EC
KENSO AGCARE KEN-AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	KENSO CORPORATION (M) SDN. BHD.	AC
NUFARM AMICIDE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	NUFARM AUSTRALIA LIMITED	AC
NUFARM AMICIDE 625-LOW SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	NUFARM AUSTRALIA LIMITED	AC
OSPRAY 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	OSPRAY PTY LTD	SL
PACIFIC 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	PACIFIC AGRISCIENCE PTY LTD	AC
PUTRA-AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	HEXTAR CHEMICALS PTY LTD	AC
RAINBOW 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	SHANDONG RAINBOW INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.	AC
RC AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	RURALCHEM PTY LTD	AC
RYGEL AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	RYGEL AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD.	AC
SIPCAM AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	SIPCAM PACIFIC AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	AC
SMART 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	CROP SMART PTY LTD	AC
SMART 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	AGCARE BIOTECH PTY LTD	AC
SMASH 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	IMTRADE AUSTRALIA PTY LTD	AC
SPECTRA 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	SPECTRA PACIFIC (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD	AC
SUPERWAY 2,4-D AMINE 625 HERBICIDE	SUPERWAY GARDEN AG & PEST PRODUCTS PTY LTD	AC
TITAN AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE	TITAN AG PTY LTD	AC
TRAPPER HERBICIDE	GLENCORE LAND (AUSTRALIA) P/L T/A CORPORATE CROPPING	AC
UNITED FARMERS 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE WEEDKILLER	RAVENSDOWN FERTILISER CO-OPERATIVE LIMITED	AC
ZEPHYR 625 2,4-D LOW ODOUR HERBICIDE	CROP CARE AUSTRALASIA PTY LTD	AC

Previously sold as Amicide, Amoxone and Shirweed.

2 PRICE:

$5.05

3 ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:2,4-D Amine 625g/L

Many products are mixtures of various amine salts of 2,4-D and may vary in concentration.

2,4-D dimethylamine salt (DMA)
Empirical Formula: C10H13Cl2NO3
Molecular Weight: 266.13
CAS Registry No.: 2008-39-1
PC Code: 030019

FARMOZ 2,4-D AMINE 500 SELECTIVE WEEDKILLER
NUFARM 2,4-D 720 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE
CONQUEST AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE
CROP CARE AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (Mix of DMA and DEA)
FARMOZ 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (Mix of DMA and DEA)
NUFARM AMICIDE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (Mix of DMA and DEA)
UNITED FARMERS 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE WEEDKILLER (Mix of DMA and DEA)

2,4-D diethanolamine salt (DEA)
Empirical Formula: C12H17Cl2NO5
Molecular Weight: 326.18
CAS Registry No.: 5742-19-8
PC Code: 030016

COUNTRY 2,4-D LOW ODOUR 500 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE
NUFARM AMICIDE 625-LOW SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (mix of DEA and 2,4-D triethanolamine salt)
ZEPHYR 625 2,4-D LOW ODOUR HERBICIDE (mix of DEA and 2,4-D triethanolamine salt)
CROP CARE AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (Mix of DMA and DEA)
FARMOZ 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (Mix of DMA and DEA)
NUFARM AMICIDE 625 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE (Mix of DMA and DEA)
UNITED FARMERS 2,4-D AMINE 625 SELECTIVE WEEDKILLER (Mix of DMA and DEA)

4 CHEMICAL GROUP: I.

5 RELATED HERBICIDES:

2,4-D amine 500	2,4-D Amine 500g/L
2,4-D amine 625	2,4-D Amine 625g/L
2,4-D amine plus Dicamba	2,4-D 250gL + dicamba 100g/L
2,4-D ester 800	2,4-D Ester 800g/L
2,4-D ester plus Garlon	2,4-D ester 530g/L + triclopyr 200g/L
2,4-D LV ester 600	2,4-D LV ester 600-680g/L
2,4-DB 400	2,4-DB 400g/L
2,4-DB plus MCPA	2,4-DB 200g/L + MCPA 250g/L
Access	Picloram 120g/L + triclopyr 240g/L
Dicamba 200	Dicamba 200
Dicamba 25 plus MCPA 150	Dicamba 25g/L + MCPA 150g/L
Dicamba 500	Dicamba 500g/L
Dicamba 700	Dicamba 700g/kg
Dicamba plus MCPA	Dicamba 80g/L + MCPA 340g/L
Garlon 600	Triclopyr 600g/L
Grazon Extra	Aminopyralid 8g/L+picloram 100g/L+tricolpyr 300g/L
Hotshot	Aminopyralid salt 10g/L + fluroxypyr-meptyl 140g/L
Lontrel	Clopyralid 300g/L
Lontrel 750	Clopyralid 750g/kg
MCPA amine	MCPA 500-750g/L
MCPA LVE	MCPA LV ester 500g/L
MCPB 400	MCPB 400g/L
Picloram plus Triclopyr	Picloram 100g/L + triclopyr 300g/L
Starane 200	Fluroxypyr 200-400g/L
Tordon 242	MCPA 420g/L + picloram 26g/L
Tordon 75-D	2,4-D 300g/L + picloram 75g/L
Tordon DS	Picloram amine 100g/L + triclopyr amine 200g/L
Tri-kombi	24D Ester 800g/L + Dicmaba 40g/L + Mecoprop 336g/L

6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

2,4-D amine is a post emergent, translocated herbicide for the control of broad leaved weeds. It is mainly absorbed through the foliage with some root uptake. Its low level of volatility makes it safer to use than the ester formulations close to sensitive crops. Low levels of drift can cause high levels of symptoms on sensitive species.

7 APPLICATION METHODS AND TIPS:

Best results when applied in fine weather to actively growing plants.

8 WEATHER:

Rainfast in 6 hours.
Frost effects: Frost before application may retard weed growth thus reducing translocation. For best results, 2-3 frost free days required after application.
Wind: Regulations require application when wind speeds are between 3 and 15 km/hour to reduce the risk of damage caused by drift. Avoid spraying when wind is blowing towards sensitive crops.
Inversions: Don't apply during inversion conditions as damaging levels of herbicide drift may move a kilometre or more.
Temperature:
Delta T and Relative Humidity: Avoid application when Delta T is greater than

9 ADJUVANTS:

Generally none are required.
Wetting agents may be useful for hard to wet plants and in non selective situations to improve droplet retention.
Wetting agents and spray oils may increase the risk of crop damage.

10 WATER QUALITY:

Hard water: There may be a slight loss of activity due to ionic bonding in very hard water.
Salty water: Relatively tolerant of salty water.
Colloids: Some loss of activity as the amount of clay in the water increases. If it is difficult to see a coin on the bottom of a 10 litre bucket full of water then the water should be cleared or an alternate source found.
pH: Acidic water is usually OK. Highly alkaline water may cause loss of efficacy.

11 COMPATIBILITY:

Trace elements.
Do NOT mix with :- Trace element fertilisers, glyphosate 360 and CT
Zinc sulphate and copper sulphate are antagonistic with 2,4-D amine. This is caused by ionic reactions and results in a significant loss of efficacy. Manganese sulphate and calcium carbonate (lime) have lesser effects.
See HerbiGuide Compatibilities button.

12 EQUIPMENT:

Boom sprays, aircraft, high and low volume hand leads, misters.
Regulations require the use of coarse droplets to reduce the impacts of drift.
Recommended water volume: 30 - 120 L/ha for boom sprays, 10 - 90 L/ha aircraft and 200 - 1000 L/ha for hand leads.
Nozzle type: Flat fan at pressures of 200 - 300 kPa (28.6 - 43.5 psi).

13 SPRAYER DECONTAMINATION:

Clean Up:

Remove filters and nozzles and manually clean separately. Rinse with soapy water or water plus wetting agent and run through boom. Rinse with water.

Decontamination:

Remove filters and nozzles and manually clean then soak in 500 mL household ammonia in 10 L water for 30 minutes.
Rinse sprayer with soapy water (eg 500 mL or g of Drive, Dynamo, Omo or Surf per 100 L water) or water plus 0.25% wetting agent and run through boom. Fill with 1% solution of ammonia and allow to stand for several hours. Triple rinse with water. Or use a commercial spray tank and equipment cleaner.
Rinse nozzles and filters in water and replace.

14 HERBICIDE RESISTANCE:

Some plants have developed some resistance to 2,4-D.

15 REPLANTING INTERVALS:

Crop	Time
Barley	13-14 days in moist soil. 21 days if dry. Qld 0 days
Cereal Rye	13-14 days in moist soil. 21 days if dry. Qld 0 days
Chickpea	14 days in dry soil.
Field Pea	7 days in moist soil. Longer if dry.
Lupin	7 days in moist soil. Longer if dry.
Pasture	14 days in moist soil. 21 days if dry.
Triticale	13-14 days in moist soil. 21 days if dry. Qld 0 days
Wheat	13-14 days in moist soil. 21 days if dry. Qld 0 days

16 WITHHOLDING PERIODS:

Crop	Type	Time
All	Harvest	Not required
All	Grazing	7 days

17 RE-ENTRY PERIOD:

Wear protective clothing if working in crops before the spray has dried.

18 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:

Face shield, cotton overalls, gloves, boots.

19 SOIL:

Soil type has little direct effect.

20 MODE OF ACTION:

Foliar absorbed with some root absorption, translocated, post-emergent.
Disrupts cell growth and elongation. Multiple sites of action.

Uptake and translocation:

High concentrations may cause leaf burn and poor translocation leading to poor weed control. Translocated both up and down from the site of application to sources of active growth.

Physiological effects:

Causes twisting, swelling and splitting of soft stems and abnormal growth of leaves often resulting in cupping and inter veinal chlorosis. Flowers are often deformed and seed viability may be affected. These symptoms may occur at very low dose rates.

Residual Life and Breakdown:

21 SELECTIVITY:

Most grasses are tolerant to 2,4-D. Woody plants have lower tolerances and soft broad leaved species are generally susceptible to rates around 1 kg a.e./ha.
Crop effects are usually only noticeable if applied at the incorrect growth stage and/or excessive rates.
Plant roots absorb polar (salt and amine) forms of 2,4-D most readily and leaves absorb non polar (ester) forms most readily. Salt formulations have negligible vapour pressure are the safer to use in close proximity to sensitive plants whereas ester formulations are generally safer prior to planting susceptible crops.

Crop tolerance:

Varietal sensitivities:

Applying 2,4-D to wheat before the completion of ear development may lead to yield loss and head deformities. Some varieties complete ear development at an earlier growth stage than others. The earliest timing for 2,4-D application therefore depends on the variety as indicated below

Variety	Growth Stage	Leaves on the main stem.
Ajana	Z15	5
Amery	Z16	6
Aroona	Z16	6
Arrino	Z16	6
Blade	Z16	6
Brookton	Z17	7
Cadoux	Z16	6
Calingiri	Z17	7
Camm	Z16	6
Canna	Z15	5
Carnamah	Z16	6
Corrigin	Z16	6
Cranbrook	Z17	7
Cunderdin	Z17	7
Dagger	Z17	7
Eradu	Z16	6
Gamenya	Z16	6
Gutha	Z15	5
Halberd	Z16	6
Kalannie	Z15	5
Kulin	Z15	5
Machete	Z17	7
Nyabing	Z16	6
Perenjori	Z17	7
Spear	Z17	7
Stiletto	Z17	7
Tammin	Z17	7
Tincurrin	Z15	5
Westonia	Z15	5
Wilgoyne	Z16	6

Effect on Clover Species:

Research done by Nufarm shows that clover tolerance increases at later growth stages and that at 1.4 L/ha minimal to light but acceptable damage to Balansa cv Paradana and subterranean clover cv Mt Barker, Trikkala, Larissa, Woogenellup and Northam occurs. Generally not as safe as MCPA 250 and 500 except on white clover. Few weed control advantages so MCPA is preferred.

Effect on Medic Species:

Damage trials as carried out by Nufarm.
Low rates of 350 ml/ha for barrel medic cv Parragio, Sephi, Cyprus and Parabinga; gamma medic cv Paraponto; snail medic cv sava; spineless burr medic cv Circle Valley and Serena and strand medic cv Harbinger cause minimal to light but acceptable damage. Higher rates cause unacceptable damage.

Effect on Lucerne:

Death of seedlings or established plants very common especially at low rates of herbicides and even if leaf growth is at a minimum when sprayed. All formulations can cause severe damage, cutting/grazing prior to spraying can reduce damage but damage is usually unacceptable and severe. Herbicide drift onto lucerne can cause damage.

Effect on Native Plants:

Most native plants will tolerate low levels of 2,4-D and drift is not expected to cause significant long term effects on roadside trees or vegetation if reasonable care is taken to avoid exposure.

22 DISEASE AND INSECT EFFECTS:

Vascular diseases usually reduce the translocation of 2,4-D and may reduce efficacy. Leaf diseases may reduce the leaf area available for 2,4-D absorption and consequently reduce efficacy.
Low levels of insect damage may increase the absorption of 2,4-D increasing efficacy but also increasing the risk of crop damage. High levels of defoliation by insects may reduce efficacy due to decreased leaf area to collect spray droplets compared to the size of the plant.

23 PLANT SYMPTOMS:

Initial symptoms are usually apparent in 3-7 days and include twisting of soft stems, cupping of leaves and erection of rosette leaves. Malformed growth may take weeks to develop. Death of young plants usually occurs within a month. Older and more woody plants may take several months to die.
The table below summarises the effects of 2,4-D amines on the most sensitive species tested.

Species	Growth stage	Formulation	EC25 g a.e. /ha	NOEC g a.e./ha
Sorghum (Monocot)	Seedling	2,4-D DMAS (amine)	29	17
Mustard (Dicot)	Seedling	2,4-D DEA (amine)	50	<50
Tomato (Dicot)	Vegetative	2,4-D DEA (amine)	3.3	2.2

Table adapted from EPA 738-R-05-002, June 2005
For sensitive species like Tomato, rates around 5 mL/ha of 2,4-D amine can cause symptoms.
For cereals the ester formulations are less damaging to the crop pre planting than the amine formulations.

SECONDARY EFFECTS:

Sugar contents of sprayed plants normally increase within a week of spraying and this may make the plants more palatable to herbivores including sheep and insects. This may cause stock problems if toxic plants are present.

24 TOXICITY:

Summary:

2,4-D amine is generally of low toxicity to mammals, birds, bees and aquatic organisms.

Details:

Poison schedule: S5.
Mammalian toxicity: Low toxicity.

Acute oral: LD50 735-1646 mg/kg (rats) [For comparison table salt is 3000 mg/kg]
Acute dermal: LD50 1829 to >2000 mg/kg (rabbits)
Skin: Primary irritation. Slight skin irritant.
Skin: Sensitisation. Not a dermal sensitizer.
Eye: Severe eye irritant.
Vapour inhalation: LC50 3.1 to >4.97 mg/L (rat)
Chronic oral toxicity: NOEL 5 mg/kg/day for two years rats and 30 mg/kg/day for rabbits.
Acute dietary toxicity: NOEL 25-67 mg/kg/day.
High doses have caused reproductive effects in test animals.
Data indicates that 2,4-D has low teratogenic potential or is not teratogenic.
Several studies investigated 2,4-D as a carcinogen with varying results. At normal exposure levels it is not expected to be carcinogenic.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI): 0.01 mg/kg/day.
Other Species:
Birds: LD50 = 415 to >1000 mg a.e./kg. Moderately to practically non toxic. The acid, amine and ester formulations have similar toxicity. Chronic NOEC for birds is 992 ppm for 2,4-D acid formulation.
Fish: toxicity LC50 >80.24 to 2244 mg a.e./L for acid and amine formulations
NOEC of 14.2 to 63.4 mg a.e./L for 2,4-D acid, 2,4-D DEA and 2,4-D DMAS formulations based on larval fish survival for the fish full life cycle studies.
2,4-D amine and acid formulations are practically non toxic to freshwater and marine fish.
2,4-D acid and dimethyl amine are practically non toxic to tadpoles.
Invertebrates: LC 50 = 25 to 830 mg a.e./L for freshwater and marine invertebrates for 2,4-D acid and amine formulations. That is slightly toxic to practically non-toxic to freshwater marine invertebrates.
Bees: Practically non toxic. LD > 10 ug/bee. Moderate doses have impaired brood production.
Arthropods: toxicity.
Earthworms:

25 TOXICITY SYMPTOMS:

26 FIRST AID:

If SWALLOWED: If more than 15 minutes from a hospital, induce vomiting preferably using Ipecac Syrup APF. See a doctor.
If in EYES: Irrigate with plenty of water. Amine and salt formulations are severe eye irritants. See a doctor.
If on SKIN: Rinse with plenty of water, remove contaminated clothing, wash with soap and water.
If INHALED: Remove patient to fresh air. See a doctor.
Advice to doctor: Treat symptomatically.
Contact the Poisons Information Centre on 131126.

27 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE:

Half life in soil: 2,4-D acid has a aerobic soil half life of 6.2 days.
Half life in water: 2,4-D acid has an aerobic half life of 15 days and an anaerobic half life of 41-333 days.
2,4-D acid is stable to abiotic hydrolysis with a half life of 1-2 years.
It has an EPA classification for soil mobility that ranges from intermediate to very mobile. Usually very low mobility in field studies even though laboratory solubility studies indicate 2,4-D is potentially mobile. Rapid degradation in the soil and removal from soil by plant uptake minimizes leaching under realistic application conditions.
Significant ground water contamination not likely but it has been detected in ground and surface waters in the US and Canada. Rarely detected more than 500 mm deep in soils.
Accumulation in milk and tissues.
pH stability:
Photolysis rate: 2,4-D acid half life (DT50) was 12.9 days in water at pH 5 and 68 days in soil.
Hydrolysis half life: Stable to abiotic hydrolysis.
Biodegradation rate: 2,4-D acid half life is 6.9 days in aerobic soils and 15 days in aerobic aquatic environments. 2,4-D amine and salt formulations are similar. Most field studies show an apparent half life of 1.7 - 13 days with an average of 5 days in moist soils. In dry soils the half life is much longer because most of the breakdown is due to microbial activity. The half life in grass and thatch was < 7 days on average. The half life in natural water is 1-2 weeks but may be only a few days in rice paddies.
2,4-D degrades through several low toxicity intermediates to carbon compounds, CO2, water and chlorine or HCl.
UV breakdown rate: Probably has a half life of 2-13 days

28 REGISTERED CROPS:

See HerbiGuide Species Solution tab.

29 REGISTERED WEEDS:

See HerbiGuide Species Solution tab.

30 REGULATION AND LEGAL:

UN number:
Dangerous goods class:
Hazchem code:
NOHSC classification:
Proper shipping name:
Packaging group:
EPG:
CAS numbers: DEA = 5742-19-8, DMA = 5742-19-8, IPA = 5742-17-6, TIPA = 32341-80-3.

31 PROPERTIES:

Water solubility: 170000-720000 mg/L at 25 C at pH ;
Oil solubility: Low.
Octanol:Water ratio: N/A; salt dissociates to acid in water.
Soil organic carbon absorption coefficient (Koc): 31.2-470.9 mL/g.
Soil DT50 aerobic 20 C - 1.7 days.
Soil DT50 anaerobic 20 C - 333 days (aquatic study).
Hydrolysis: 1-2 years sterile water pH 7 buffered.
Photolysis water DT50 13 days (artificial sunlight)
Photolysis soil DT50 68 days
Vapour Pressure: <1 x 10^-7 at 26 C.
Dissociation constant: pKa
Melting point: 87-121 C.
Boiling point: C.
Molecular weight: 280-412 g/mole.
Colour: Light brown or amber.
Odour:
Bulk density:
Specific gravity: 1.15-1.23.
pH:
Flammability: Non flammable.
Shelf Life: 60 months (5 years).
(When Stored under Ideal Conditions)

32 COMMENTS:

2,4-D decreases nitrate reductase in the plant and this results in an increased nitrate level. In some plants, such as Capeweed, Radishes, Turnips, and Canola, this may reach toxic levels.

33 REFERENCES:

Ashton, F.M. and Crafts, A.S. (1981) Mode of Action of Herbicides. (Wiley-Interscience publication).

Kearney, P.C. and Kaufman, D.D. (1976). Herbicides. Chemistry, degradation and mode of action. Vol 1 & 2.

Acknowledgments:

Collated by HerbiGuide. For more information see www.herbiguide.com.au or phone 08 98444064.