3 ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: Glufosinate-ammonium 200 g/L.
It is usually formulated with a surfactant. It is soluble and usually formulated as a water based solution (aqeous concentrate) with surfactant. Basta contains 30% surfactant.
Structural formula
4 CHEMICAL GROUP: N.
Glycine.
5 RELATED HERBICIDES:
Basta
Gluphosinate 200g/L
6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
A none selective, non residual, non volatile, broad spectrum, contact herbicide. Initially its major use was as a directed spray under bananas, grape vines and fruit trees. It is now registered for use in many crops as a pre-planting or directed spray.
7 APPLICATION METHODS AND TIPS:
Best results in warm weather on actively growing weeds.
Avoid spraying stressed, frost affected or diseased plants.
Ensure good coverage, especially on dense stands.
Avoid spraying green or young bark on desirable plants.
Use a minimum of 100 L/ha of water for application by boom spray.
Rainfast in 6 hours.
Do not apply when temperatre is more than 330C with a relative humidity of less than 50%.
Damage to transplants may occur from herbicide residue in fumigated soils or situations where microbial activity is very low.
It may remain active on inert surfaces such as plastic mulch and foliage contacting the surface may be damaged.
Check MRLs for export before using on crops destined for export.
8 WEATHER:
Rainfast in hours.
Frost effects:
Wind:
Inversions:
Temperature:
Delta T and relative humidity: Avoid application when Delta T is greater than
Soil moisture at application:
9 ADJUVANTS:
Wetting agents: A wetting agent is included in most formulations. Extra wetting agent is only likely to be required for high volme or low rate applications or on hard-to-wet weeds.
Spray oils:
10 WATER QUALITY:
Gluphosinate-ammonium tolerates the normal range of water qualities found in field situations.
Hard water: Up to 200 ppm total soluble salts has little effect on activity. Di and tri valent ions such as calcium, magnesium, aluminium and iron seem to have the greatest effect. High levels iron appear to have the greatest effect.
Colloids: It is loosely bound to clay and organic matter in water but this is rarely a problem in the field unless very dirty water is used. Clearing of water with alum is not recommended as the alum is likely to have a greater negative effect than the clays.
pH in the range of 4-9 has little effect.
In rainwater, gluphosinate-ammonium should have a long tank life.
11 COMPATIBILITY:
Trace elements.
See HerbiGuide Compatibilities button.
12 EQUIPMENT:
Boom sprays:
Carrier volume: 100 L/ha on young weeds. 500-1000 L/ha on large and dense stands of weeds. Coverage is more important than volume of application.
Nozzles: Flat fan.
Pressure: 150-400 kPa.
Hand sprays:
Hollow cone nozzles are recommended.
Controlled Dropplet Application (CDA)
Apply with equipment with solid rather than bristle skirts.
Use carrier volumes of 20-30 L/ha when weeds are 10-15 cm tall and have skirt just touching the top of the weeds.
Avoid getting spray on green or uncalloused trunks.
CDA application is not recommended in cherry orchards.
Aerial Application:
Not generally registered for aerial application because high water rates and good coverage are required.
13 SPRAYER DECONTAMINATION:
Clean Up:
Remove filters and clean separately. Tripple rinse with water or water plus 0.25% wetting agent and run through nozzles.
Decontamination:
Remove filters and clean separately.
Rinse with water and drain.
Quarter fill the tank with an alkali detergent (eg 500 mL or g of Drive, Dynamo, Omo, or Surf per 100 L water) and circulate for at least 15 minutes then run through boom. Rinse twice with water.
14 HERBICIDE RESISTANCE:
There are no poplations of weeds that have been reported as developing resistance to gluphosinate-ammonium in Australia, however, tolerant plants are expected to occur and may dominate the weed population after repeated applications.
There are genes that have been used produce crops that tolerate gluphosinate-ammonim.
15 REPLANTING INTERVALS:
Crop
Time
16 WITHHOLDING PERIODS:
Crop
Type
Time (days)
Avocado
Grazing
56
Avocado
Harvest
0
Banana
Grazing
56
Banana
Harvest
0
Berries and other small fruits including grapes.
Grazing
56
Berries and other small fruits including grapes.
Harvest
0
Blackberry
Grazing
56
Blackberry
Harvest
0
Boysenberry
Grazing
56
Boysenberry
Harvest
0
Citrus fruits
Grazing
56
Citrus fruits
Harvest
0
Feijoa
Grazing
56
Feijoa
Harvest
0
Grapes
Grazing
56
Grapes
Harvest
0
Guava
Grazing
56
Guava
Harvest
0
Kiwifruit
Grazing
56
Kiwifruit
Harvest
0
Litchi
Grazing
56
Litchi
Harvest
0
Loganberry
Grazing
56
Loganberry
Harvest
0
Mango
Grazing
56
Mango
Harvest
0
Passionfruit
Grazing
56
Passionfruit
Harvest
0
Pasture
Grazing
56
Pawpaw
Grazing
56
Pawpaw
Harvest
0
Pineapple
Harvest
0
Pineapple
Harvest
56
Pome fruits
Grazing
56
Pome fruits
Harvest
21
Raspberry
Grazing
56
Raspberry
Harvest
0
Stone fruits
Grazing
56
Stone fruits
Harvest
21
Strawberry
Grazing
56
Strawberry
Harvest
0
Tomato
Grazing
56
Tomato
Harvest
0
Tree nuts
Grazing
56
Tree nuts
Harvest
0
Tropical and sub tropical fruits with inedible peel.
Grazing
56
Tropical and sub tropical fruits with inedible peel.
Harvest
0
Residues of gluphosinate-ammonium have not been found in produce nder normal use patterns.
17 RE-ENTRY PERIOD:
Wear protective clothing if in contact with the crop before the spray has dried.
18 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:
Overalls, boots and washable hat. Use gloves and face shield when handling the concentrate.
19 SOIL:
It is not directly affected by soil type. Indirectly soil type may affect the level of stress of the plant which may affect control.
20 MODE OF ACTION:
Uptake and translocation:
It is absorbed by leaves through water channels in the waxy cuticle. 15-50% of the applied gluphosinate-ammonium is absorbed in the forst 2 hours and 20-80% in the first 8 hours. The speed and extent of absorption depends on plant species, stage of growth, temperature, humidity and the amount of herbicide applied.
Translocation is very limited with some movement around the leaf or between leaves or in passive water movement around the plant. 0.3-2.3% of the applied gluphosinate-ammonium is typically translocated to the roots. In some perennial plants (e.g. Blady Grass) this may be enough to reduce rhizome regrowth but generally the amount translocated is insufficient for control of weeds. Likewise, damage to plants that only have a small portion of their foliage sprayed is generally limited to the sprayed foliage. It is classed as a contact herbicide and good coverage is usually reqired for good control.
Physiological effects:
In plants nitrate is absorbed from the soil and forms ammonim which combines with glutamate to form the amino acid glutamine in the presence of the enzyme glutamine synthetase. Glphosinate-ammonium disrupts the action of glutamine synthetase. This reslts in a build up of ammonia in the plant and reduced glutamine production which subsequently stops photosynthesis. The plant dies from a combination of ammonia toxicity and a lack of carbohydrate from photoynthesis. Ammonim levels start to increase soon after application. Photosynthesis starts to decrease about 2 hours after application and has usually stopped by 8 hours after application.
Residual Life and Breakdown:
Essential non residual and breaks down quickly with a soil half life of 1-3 weeks. See 27 Environmental fate for breakdown process.
History:
A new amino acid, phosphinothrycin, was discovered in bacteria (Steptomyces viridochromogenes) in 1971 and its herbicidal activity discovered by Hoechst Ag in 1976. A synthetic form was produced and bound to ammonium to form the active ingredient. It was launched in Australia in 1990.
21 SELECTIVITY:
Crop tolerance:
Varietal sensitivities:
Effect on Clover Species:
Effect on Medic Species:
Effect on Lucerne:
Effect on Native Plants:
22 DISEASE AND INSECT EFFECTS:
23 PLANT SYMPTOMS:
Plant growth stops a soon after application. In warm conditions a general yellowing can be seen within a day or two then dead patches on the foliage or leaf tips start to appear as the plant wilts and dies in 1-3 weeks. In cool conditions these symptoms may take twice as long to appear. The symptoms are generally slower to appear than those of the bipyridyl herbicides (paraqat, diqat and Spray.Seed) and faster than glyphosate (Roundup). It usually only affects green vegetation contacted by the spray.
SECONDARY EFFECTS:
24 TOXICITY:
Summary: Harmful if absorbed by skin contact or swallowed. Will irritate eyes and skin.
Details:
Poison schedule: S5.
Mammalian toxicity:
Acute oral LD50: 2170 mg/kg (male rat), 1910 mg/kg (female rat) [For comparison table salt is 3000 mg/kg]
Not carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic in animal studies (i.e. does not cause cancer or reproductive problems).
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI):
Other Species:
Birds: Low toxicity. LD50 > 2000 mg/kg (quail).
Fish: moderate toxicity. LC50 > 14 mg/L.
Invertebrates: toxicity.
Bees: Non toxic.
Arthropods: toxicity.
Earthworms: Non toxic.
Algae:
25 TOXICITY SYMPTOMS:
26 FIRST AID:
If SWALLOWED: Do NOT give anything by mouth to a semiconscious or unconscious patient.
If in EYES: Irrigate with plenty of water.
If on SKIN: Rinse with plenty of water, remove contaminated clothing, wash with soap and water.
If INHALED: Remove patient to fresh air. See a doctor.
Advice to doctor: Treat symptomatically.
Contact the Poisons Information Centre on 131126.
27 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE:
It has a half life in soil of 1-3 weeks. It is broken down mainly by microorganisms. The major metabolite produced during breakdown of gluphosinate-ammonium is MPPA (methyl-phosphinicopropionic acid) and this has a half life of about 30 days. The final breakdown products are CO2 and other products that are bound by the soil or within microorganisms.
Half life in water: 20-300 days depending on biological activity. pH has little effect. Little hydrolysis.
It has an EPA classification for soil mobility that ranges from
Gluphosinate-ammonium and its degradation products are loosely adsorbed by clay.
Ground water contamination is unlikely despite the solubility of gluphosinate-ammonium and some of its breakdown products because they a degraded relatively quickly. Field studies show that that residues are only fond in the top 20 cm of the soil profile.
Gluphosinate-ammonium is stable in clean water with a half life of more than 300 days. In biologically active water the half life is around 20 days.
Replanting intervals
Accumulation in milk and tissues.
28 REGISTERED CROPS:
See HerbiGuide Species Solution tab.
29 REGISTERED WEEDS:
See HerbiGuide Species Solution tab.
30 REGULATION AND LEGAL:
UN number:
CAS numbers:
Hazchem code: Not classified as a dangeros good.
NOHSC classification:
Land transport:
Dangerous goods class: Not classified as a dangeros good.
Corrosivity: Corrosive to steel and alminiium. Non corrosive to glass. Stainless steel and high density polyethylene. The spray mixture is not corrosive to galvanised steel, copper or polyethylene spray equipment.